Objective:
Students will identify components of the cell membrane in order to understand cellular transport.
Warm Up:
Differentiate between the following:
a. hypertonic
b. hypotonic
c. isotonic
Classwork:
Notes Ch. 6/7
Homework:
Below are two (2) short videos. View EACH of the videos and take ten (1o) summary notes on Video #1 and twenty (20) summary notes for Video/Animation #2, for a total of 30 notes. Please write these on a separate paper to be handed in with the Unit Sheet.
Video #1: (10 notes)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GW0lqf4Fqpg&feature=player_embedded
Animation/Video #2: (20 notes)
http://www.johnkyrk.com/cellmembrane.html
(For this animation, you will need to click through each scene/slide, making sure to take down the important pieces of information as you complete the video)
Announcments:
Extra Credit Opportunity #1 for 2nd Quarter.
Just recently announced were this year's winners for the The Nobel Prize. Your task is to determine who the award in chemistry was awarded to (there are 3) and as best as you possibly can, BRIEFLY explain their research/discovery. Please don't cut and paste, read and interact with the text and in the best possible way, re-explain the research as though you were having a conversation with a friend. (10 points). When we discuss cell division, we will discuss the nobel prize winners for physiology or medicine. Post your completed response here as a comment ALSO send me an email with a copy of your posted comment at: dawn.berkeley@pgcps.org.
The 3 Winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2009) this year were, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, Ada E. Yonath
ReplyDeleteThey were all rewarded for their studies of the structure and function of the ribosome, and for mapping of the ribosome at an atomic level.
Ada E. Yonath (One winner of 2009's Nobel Prize in Chemistry) wanted to pinpoint the exact location of each and every atom in the ribosome of a cell. She did this by Crystallizing Geobacillus stearothermophilus, which are bacteria which can remain stable under harsh conditions. She didn't seem to get the right results and it would take her a very long time to come close. So, she experimented on many other new things and found that in a salt-loving Haloarcula marismorti, which lives in the Dead Sea, she could actually map the atomic structure of it.
And from there on out other scientist, such as the two other Nobel Prize winners Thomas Steitz and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan joined her in her exploration.
Thomas Steitz (Another winner of 2009's Nobel Prize in Chemistry) solved one of the problems that Ada faced. The Phase problem occurred because scientist could not determine the phase angle for every little black dot, and this information was needed if they wanted to pinpoint the location of the atoms within the crystals. Thomas Steitz used images of the ribosome, generated by another scientist, to find out how the ribosomes were located in the crystal. However, the resolution didn’t let him see every individual atom. Yet his discovery was so good that any person could detect the ribosome’s long RNA molecules.
Thomas Steitz had obtained the Structure from a Haloarcula marismortui, However, Ada Yonath and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan obtained it from Thermus thermophil, making it possible to map ribosome function¬ality at the most basic, atomic level.
The crystal structures of another scientist and Nobel Prize in Chemistry award winner, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, were necessary for understanding how the ribosome achieves its precision. He identified something that can be described as a molecular ruler and discovered that it’s used by the ribsome in a way that if the distance between Nucleotides in the small sub-unit’s rRNA and the codon in mRNA and the anticodon in tRNA is incorrect, then the tRNA molecule falls off the ribosome. The ribsome uses the ruler twice to double-check everything, which ensures that there are very few errors.
This year’s three winner have all come up with structures that show how different antibiotics bind to the ribosome. Several companies now use the structures of the ribosome in order to develop new antibiotics. The discoveries that Ada Yonath, Thomas Steitz and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan have made are very important to humanity, for the understanding of how life's inner-workings function, and most importantly it saves lives.
Alicia, I am in receipt of your comment and will reply as soon as time permits. Thanks for replying!
ReplyDeleteThe 3 Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry were Javier Morales, Miguel Apatiga and Victor M. Castano and they created diamonds from a liquid, specifically from tequila. The experiment was done through a pulsed liquid injection chemical vapor deposition technique that has been employed to grow diamond thin films using a mixture of acetone and water as a precursor. Tequila is a wide-known alcoholic beverage and it was injected at a frequency of 2 pulses per second with an opening time of 4ms in the wafer and commercial stainless steel which were used as substrates. The tequila was injected per pulse from high to low pressure in an argon flow at 280 degrees celsius, prior to flash evaporation. As the whole experiment was done the SEM micrographs exposed micro crystallites from 100 to 500 nm in diameter.
ReplyDeleteThe winners for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 are Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, and Ada E. Yonath.
ReplyDeleteThese winners were awarded for the "studies of the structure and function of the ribosomes", which is a cellular machine that makes proteins.
This machine "reads" DNA and translates the code so that the body can produce thousands of proteins controlling life at a cellular level.
These three winners as a matter of fact worked seperately thus their work was basically puzzled in together making a successful experiment.
The three contributed to how the ribsomes looks like and how the ribosomes function at the atomic level. They all used x-ray crystallography to make the diagram of the strucutre of the ribosomes.
Their work has/will help scientists because they will get a clear understandng of the ribosomes and that will help them to make antibiotics to cure various diseases that are vital to human beings.
Thank you all for your contributions. They will be responded to in class. Thanks!
ReplyDeleteMiesha Walker
ReplyDeleteVideo 1
1. The video is about diffusion of a cell membrane.
2. Membranes of a cell consist of fatty molecules.
3. Proteins are used to channel minerals and nutrients through the membrane.
4. Other proteins use branches to grasp hormones that activate cell.
5. Some Hormones are small enough to easily glide through the membrane.
6. Larger hormones have to go through proteins receptors.
7. The receptors send messenger molecules to enzymes and organelles.
Video 2
1. All cells are surrounded by a membrane.
2. Lipid molecules are dual-natured.
3. When fatty acids are paired in phospholipids the rigid shape is able to form a lipid bilayer.
4. In a double membrane, the head of phospholipids are water-soluble only.
5. There are thousands of kinds of lipids but membranes usually contain phospholipids.
6. Lipids are free to slide around in their layer.
7. Fatty acids membranes protect the inner environment of the cell.
8. Sphingolipds are phospholipids with serine at their core.
9. Their saturated tails are usually longer and straighter than other lipids.
10. Their microdomains are thick enough to fit the largest proteins.
11. Glycolipids are found on the outer layer of the cell membrane.
12. Polar sugars extend outward from glycolipids.
13. Cholesterol reduces lipid fluidity which strengthens molecule.
14. Microdomains are rich in cholesterol.
15. Small molecules soluble in non-polar molecules easily get through lipid bilayer.
16. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are examples of small molecules.
17. Lipid bilayer has a large barrier where polar molecules can’t get through.
18. Hydrogen, water, calcium, and sodium are all examples of polar molecules.
19. Proteins play the bouncer at club cell membrane because it allows what enter and leave the cell.
20. Their structure allows them to move through the membrane barrier.
21. Most of the cell membranes consist of protein chains.
22. While most proteins are embedded on one side of the cell membrane, others penetrate all the way through.
23. Helical sections of a protein bond together forming tunnels.
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ReplyDeleteKarl Bailey
ReplyDeleteThe Three winners of the 2009 Noble prize in Chemistry are Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas Steitz and Ada Yonath, for the study of structure and function of ribosome. They split 1.4 million dollars reward for their contribution and this significant breakthrough is now being used by scientist to research and develop new antibiotics. For Yonath it’s a remarkable achievement because she is only the fourth women ever to win or share a Noble prize. They created a blueprint of the protein making machinery within the cells; they used a method called x-ray crystallography to map the position for every atom that make up the Ribosome. Ribosomes produce proteins which controls the chemistry in all living organisms.
Its cool how we can study cell and cell componnents under a microscope, but to be able to study and map out such structures on the atomic level is a feat that Venkatraman Ramakrishman, Thomas Streitz and Ada Yonath, were awarded the noble peace prize in the field of chemistry in this the year 2009. The award was split between the three of them and as it stated on nobleprize.org that each of the trio was awarded 1/3 of the award and money. The three scientists are of different ethnic backgrounds and are of different study institutions, from cambridge in the UK to Howard Hughes in the US and The Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel. As the award states, the three were awarded "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome [one of the cell's most complex machineries]". Ribosomes, organelles for protein synthesis in the cell, are numerous in cells of evvery kind, eukaryotes,prokaryotes and such, and it has been understood before the trio's elegant workings that a cell cannot survive without its ribosomes and drugs(antibiotics) have been made with the sole purpose to rid pathogens and such of their ribosomes, thus killing them. With the workings of Ramakrishnan,Steitz, and Yonath advancements can and will be made in developing new drugs and technologies in the medical and biological fields.
ReplyDeleteThe three Winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry this year(2009) were, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, Ada E. Yonath. This was an great success for Yonath as she was the fourth woman to share the Noble prize. their experiment shows the structure and function of ribosomes(the protein maker in the cell). the three scientist did not work together which was kinda of interesting how their works came together. the scientist said that the that ribosomes are basically machines that makes protein. The machine read DNA and translate the code in order for the cell/body to make thousands of protein.Venkatraman Ramakrishnan said that the ribosome is very enormous as it has over a million atoms.Yonath
ReplyDeletewas the one who crysalized the entire ribosome. in conclusion all three scientist work together to learn more about the ribosome because they all had different theories.
Thomas steiz, Ada Yonath, and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan are the winers of the 2009 noble prize in chemistry.they have been awarded 1.4 million dollars among the three of them for studies the structure and function of ribosomes.They used x-ray crystallograph to study the position of different atoms that make up the ribosomes, which produce the protine in every living organism.The discovery made by those there scientist is very important in the humane life ,and it have helped people to have easier andurstanding of internal structure and how it works.and also that the ribosome is the important part of the cell and that the cell can besicaly die with out it
ReplyDelete